1. Lazarillo De Tormes English Chapter 8
2. Lazarillo De Tormes English Translation Stanford
3. Lazarillo De Tormes English
4. Lazarillo De Tormes English Chapter 7

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The book begins with a prologue written by an unnamed narrator who claims that even if he knows he will be criticized for what he is about to write, he must do it because he must reveal the truth. He also apologizes in advance for being clumsy and he attributes his incapability of writing properly is because he is a poor boy who did not received a good education. The narrator also claims that he had a certain purpose in mind when he wrote the book but he doesn’t reveal what his purpose is.

In the first chapter, the narrator presents himself as Lazaro de Tormes, a boy born in a poor family and forced to live without a father when his father was exiled for being caught stealing from the mill. His father then dies shortly after in a war started by the Church against a group of African Muslims called the Moors. Lazaro’s mother was then forced to move to another city to look for work but it is implied that for some time, she had to resolve to prostitution to sustain herself and her child. She eventually began working in the house of the Comendador of La Magdalena where she spent her days washing clothes and cooking for the other servants. She remarried in the end with another servant, a black man named Zaide and together they had a child.

After a while however, the family was noticed by their employees and Zaide was accused of stealing food. Because of this, he was punished and he, Lazaro’s mother and Lazaro were forced to leave. Lazaro’s mother began working at an inn and after a while, a blind man came in and asked Lazaro’s mother to give her son to him. Not having another choice, she agreed and the two left town soon.

Living with the blind man is not easy for Lazaro as he is kept hungry almost all the time. To feed himself, Lazaro resolves to steal from the blind man and he soon becomes extremely skilled at it. He also learns how to steal wine from him but he is quickly caught by the blind man. They then travel to a city named Escalona where the blind man prophecies that Lazaro will suffer in the future and he bases his prophecies on various bad omens such as ropes hanging from the ceiling and horns mounted on the wall. The blind man almost kills Lazaro one day when he steals some sausages from him and drinks his wine but he is nursed back to health by the wife of the innkeeper where the blind man and Lazaro where staying. After the incident, Lazaro decides to leave the blind man as soon as he can and an opportunity arises just a few days later. Then, Lazaro tricks the blind man into injuring himself and then he runs away from him.

In the second chapter, Lazaro meets a priest and the priest agrees to take him as a servant. Things are not better with the priest and Lazaro is always kept hungry. The priest however feeds himself regularly using the bread that is supposed to be used in the church during the communion. The only occasion when Lazaro is able to eat is during funerals and he reaches the point where he prays for people to die so he could eat.

Lazaro convinces a tinker to give him the key to the priest’s chest and from that day forwards he eats small amounts of bread from the priest’s chest. Lazaro fools the priest into thinking that mice have eaten the bread and the priest begins to lay traps for the mice he thinks are stealing the bread. The priest becomes angrier as time passes by and Lazaro becomes unable to steal food because the priest protects his chest. Then, one night, the priest discovers Lazaro’s key and realizes what must have happened. Lazaro is beaten and it takes him 15 days to recover. When he does recover, the priest takes him to the street where he found him and tells him to never return.

Lazaro goes to Toledo and for a while he survives through begging. After his wounds heal however, people no longer give him money and instead tell him to find a job. Lazaro is taken as a servant by a squire who finds Lazaro on the streets. Lazaro follows the squire as he goes on with his day but he gets hungrier and hungrier as the hours pass. When Lazaro reaches the squire’s house, he is questioned about his past and told that he will be given food at dinner. Lazaro tries to be patient despite being very hungry and his new master praises him for that. Lazaro take out one of his loafs of bread he got from begging and when the squire sees him, he asks for bread as well and eats it quickly. Lazaro quickly realizes that the squire barely has enough to eat himself and realized that the squire won’t be able to provide for him. Despite this, he sleeps near the squire that night, hungry and discouraged.

The next morning, the squire leaves and tells Lazaro that he must go to the river and bring water and also to tidy around the house. Lazaro does just that but he also goes around the town, begging for food. When the squire returns, the two eat the food Lazaro received and this continues for a few more weeks. Despite knowing that the squire has no money, Lazaro refuses to leave him, considering him worthy of his compassion.

Things become hard for them as the city mayor orders all poor people to leave the town after the crops failed. To avoid being forced to leave, Lazaro stops going in the streets to beg and is feed by some women who live near him. One day, the squire comes home with money and tells Lazaro that in a short period of time, they will leave the house and move to a better place. The two spend their next days eating well and staying inside and during this time, the squire tells Lazaro his life story. That same day, the owners of the house come and ask for rent but the squire has no money to give them. The squire runs in the middle of the nights and Lazaro is asked about his whereabouts. After the landowners reach the conclusion that Lazaro is not responsible for the squire, they leave him alone.

The next chapter is significantly shorter than the previous ones and Lazaro mentions his third master, a friar from a monastery with whom he stayed only for a short period of time before running away.

In the fifth chapter, Lazaro becomes a servant to a seller of indulgences in Toledo. The seller is unsuccessful for a short period of time, with people claiming that the pardons he sold were fake ones. a fight breaks between the seller and a constable and the next day, in order to solve things, the seller holds a sermon at the church. When the sermon is over, the constable appears again, claiming once more that the pardons were fake. The seller prays that God reveals the person who is right and just as he finishes praying, the constable falls to the ground and begins foaming and convulsing. The seller prays for him and his convulsions stop and the constable claims that he was possessed by the devil. Then, the people who witnessed the scene all end up buying pardons from the seller.

Lazaro later reveals that the constable and the seller were working together and that they made a good profit out of it. In the next town, the seller gave away pardons freely because the people were reluctant to buy them. Lazaro presents more tricks used by the seller but while he agrees that his methods were not correct, the seller always treated Lazaro with dignity and gave him enough food.

Next, Lazaro works under a tambourine painter but he suffered under him as well. Next, he worked under a chaplain and after four years, he left him, comfortable with the money he won and the things he was able to buy during that period.

In the last chapter, Lazaro works with a constable but the job is dangerous and he decides to quit after his new mater is almost killed one night. Then, Lazaro decides to find a work in the government, thinking that not harm can come to him there. He works as a town crier in Toledo and then a wine seller. During his time as a wine seller, he is noticed by the archpriest of San Salvador who arranges for Lazaro to marry one of his maids. The pair is happy for a while and are even invited for dinner at the archpriest’s house from time to time.

The book ends with Lazaro mentioning rumors surrounding his wife’s infidelity but he decides to ignore them, claiming that he is happier that way.

The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes and of His Fortunes and Adversities (Spanish: La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades[la ˈβiða ðe laθaˈɾiʎo ðe ˈtoɾmes i ðe sus foɾˈtunas i aðβeɾsiˈðaðes]) is a Spanish novella, published anonymously because of its anticlerical content. It was published simultaneously in three cities in 1554: Alcalá de Henares, Burgos and Antwerp. The Alcalá de Henares edition adds some episodes which were most likely written by a second author. It is most famous as the book establishing the style of the picaresque satirical novel.

Summary[edit]

Lázaro is a boy of humble origins from Salamanca. After his stepfather is accused of thievery, his mother asks a wily blind beggar to take on Lazarillo (little Lázaro) as his apprentice. Lázaro develops his cunning while serving the blind beggar and several other masters, while also learning to take on his father's practice.

Table of contents:

• Prologue
• Chapter* 1: childhood and apprenticeship to a blind man.
• Chapter* 2: serving a priest.
• Chapter* 3: serving a squire.
• Chapter* 4: serving a friar.
• Chapter* 5: serving a pardoner.
• Chapter* 6: serving a chaplain.
• Chapter* 7: serving a pardoner and an archpriest.

*(or treatise)

Importance as a novella[edit]

Besides its importance in the Spanish literature of the Golden Age, Lazarillo de Tormes is credited with founding a literary genre, the picaresque novel, from the Spanish word pícaro, meaning 'rogue' or 'rascal.' In novels of this type, the adventures of the pícaro expose injustice while amusing the reader. This extensive genre includes Cervantes' Rinconete y Cortadillo and El coloquio de los perros, Henry Fielding's Tom Jones and Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Its influence extends to twentieth century novels, dramas and films featuring the 'anti-hero'.

Prohibition[edit]

Lazarillo de Tormes was banned by the Spanish Crown and included in the Index of Forbidden Books of the Spanish Inquisition; this was at least in part due to the book's anti-clerical flavor. In 1573, the Crown allowed circulation of a version which omitted Chapters 4 and 5 and assorted paragraphs from other parts of the book. An unabridged version did not appear in Spain until the nineteenth century. It was the Antwerp version that circulated throughout Europe, translated into French (1560), English (1576), Dutch (after the northern, largely Protestant Seven Provinces of the Low Countries revolted against Spain in 1579), German (1617), and Italian (1622).

Spanish first edition title pages in 1554 of Lazarillo de Tormes.

Lazarillo De Tormes English Chapter 8

• Burgos, Juan de Junta

• Medina del Campo, Hermanos Del Canto

• Alcalá de Henares, Salcedo

• Antwerp, Martín Nucio

Literary significance and criticism[edit]

Lazarillo De Tormes English Translation Stanford

The primary objections to Lazarillo had to do with its vivid and realistic descriptions of the world of the pauper and the petty thief. The 'worm's eye view' of society contrasted sharply with the more conventional literary focus on superhuman exploits recounted in chivalric romances such as the hugely popular Amadís de Gaula. In Antwerp, it followed the tradition of the impudent trickster figure Till Eulenspiegel.

Lazarillo introduced the picaresque device of delineating various professions and levels of society. A young boy or young man or woman describes masters or 'betters' with ingenuously presented realistic details. But Lazarillo speaks of 'the blind man,' 'the squire,' 'the pardoner,' presenting these characters as types.

Significantly, the only named characters are Lazarillo and his family: his mother Antoña Pérez, his father Tomé Gonzáles, and his stepfather El Zayde. The surname de Tormes comes from the river Tormes. In the narrative, Lazarillo explains that his father ran a mill on the river, where he was literally born on the river. The Tormes runs through Lazarillo's home town, Salamanca, a Castilian-Leonese university city. (There is an old mill on the river, and a statue of Lazarillo and the blind man next to the Roman bridge [puente romano] in the city.)

Lazarillo is the diminutive of the Spanish name Lázaro. There are two appearances of the name Lazarus in the Bible, and not all critics agree as to which story the author was referring when he chose the name. The more well-known tale is in John 11:41–44, in which Jesus raises Lazarus from the dead. The second is in Luke 16:19–31, a parable about a beggar named Lazarus at the gate of a stingy rich man's house.

In contrast to the fancifully poetic language devoted to fantastic and supernatural events about unbelievable creatures and chivalric knights, the realistic prose of Lazarillo described suppliants purchasing indulgences from the Church, servants forced to die with their masters on the battlefield (as Lazarillo's father did), thousands of refugees wandering from town to town, poor beggars flogged away by whips because of the lack of food. The anonymous author included many popular sayings and ironically interpreted popular stories.

The Prologue with Lázaro's extensive protest against injustice is addressed to a high-level cleric, and five of his eight masters in the novel serve the church. Lazarillo attacked the appearance of the church and its hypocrisy, though not its essential beliefs, a balance not often present in following picaresque novels.

Besides creating a new genre, Lazarillo de Tormes was critically innovative in world literature in several aspects:

1. Long before Emile (Jean-Jacques Rousseau). Oliver Twist (Charles Dickens) or Huckleberry Finn, the anonymous author of Lazarillo treated a boy as a boy, not a small adult.
2. Long before Moll Flanders (Daniel Defoe), Lazarillo describes the domestic and working life of a poor woman, wife, mother, climaxing in the flogging of Lazarillo's mother through the streets of the town after her black husband Zayde is hanged as a thief.
3. Long before modern treatment of 'persons of color', this author treats sympathetically the pleasures and pains of an interracial family in his descriptions of life with his black stepfather and negrito half-brother, though their characterization is based on stereotypes.^[1]

Reference in Don Quixote[edit]

In his book Don Quixote, Cervantes introduces a gypsy thief called Ginés de Pasamonte who claims to be a writer (and who later in Part II masquerades as a puppeteer while on the run). Don Quixote interrogates this writer about his book:

'Is it so good?' said Don Quixote.

'So good is it,' replied Gines, 'that a fig for 'Lazarillo de Tormes,' and all of that kind that have been written, or shall be written compared with it: all I will say about it is that it deals with facts, and facts so neat and diverting that no lies could match them.'

'And how is the book entitled?' asked Don Quixote.

'The Life of Ginés de Pasamonte,' replied the subject of it.

'And is it finished?' asked Don Quixote.

'How can it be finished,' said the other, 'when my life is not yet finished?'

Social criticism[edit]

The author criticises many organisations and groups in his book, most notably the Catholic Church and the Spanish aristocracy.

These two groups are clearly criticised through the different masters that Lazarillo serves. Characters such as the Cleric, the Friar, the Pardoner, the Priest and the Archbishop all have something wrong either with them as a person or with their character. The self-indulgent cleric concentrates on feeding himself, and when he does decide to give the 'crumbs from his table' to Lazarillo, he says, 'toma, come, triunfa, para tí es el mundo' 'take, eat, triumph – the world is yours' a clear parody of a key communion statement.

In the final chapter, Lazarillo works for an Archpriest, who arranges his marriage to the Archpriest's maid. It is clear that Lazarillo's wife cheats on him with the Archpriest, and all vows of celibacy are forgotten.

In Chapter 3, Lazarillo becomes the servant of a Squire. The Squire openly flaunts his wealth despite not being able to feed himself, let alone Lázaro. This is a parody of the importance of having a strong image among the nobility.

Authorship[edit]

Lazarillo De Tormes English

The identity of the author of Lazarillo has been a puzzle for nearly four hundred years. Given the subversive nature of Lazarillo and its open criticism of the Catholic Church, it is likely that the author chose to remain anonymous out of fear of religious persecution.

Neither the author nor the date and place of the first appearance of the work is known. It appeared anonymously; and no author's name was accredited to it until 1605, when the Hieronymite monk José de Sigüenza named as its author Fray Juan de Ortega. Two years later, it was accredited by the Belgian Valère André to Diego Hurtado de Mendoza. In 1608, André Schott repeated this assertion, although less categorically. Despite these claims, the assignment of the work to Diego Hurtado de Mendoza was generally accepted, until Alfred Paul Victor Morel-Fatio, in 1888, demonstrated the untenability of that candidate.^{[clarification needed]} The earliest known editions are the four of Alcalá de Henares, Antwerp, Medina del Campo, and Burgos, all of which appeared in 1554. Two continuations (or second parts) appeared – one, anonymously, in 1555, and the other, accredited to H. Luna, in 1620.

Lazarillo De Tormes English Chapter 7

There has been some suggestion that the author was originally of Jewish extraction, but in 1492 had had to convert to Catholicism to avoid being expelled from Spain; that might explain the animosity towards the Catholic Church displayed in the book.^{[citation needed]} Apart from the chronological difficulties this hypothesis presents, Catholic criticism of Catholic clergy, including the Pope, had had a long and even reputable tradition that can be seen in the works of famous Catholic writers such as Chaucer, Dante or Erasmus.

Documents recently discovered by the Spanish palaeographerMercedes Agulló support the hypothesis that the author was, in fact, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza.^[3]

Sequels[edit]

In 1555, only a year after the first edition of the book, a sequel by another anonymous author was attached to the original Lazarillo in an edition printed in Antwerp, Low Countries. This sequel is known as El Lazarillo de Amberes, Amberes being the Spanish name for Antwerp.

Lázaro leaves his wife and child with the priest, in Toledo, and joins the Spanish army in their campaign against the Moors. The ship carrying the soldiers sinks, but before it does, Lázaro drinks as much wine as he can. His body is so full of wine that there is no place for the water to enter him, and by that means he survives under the sea. Threatened by the tuna fish there, Lázaro prays for mercy and is eventually metamorphosized into a tuna himself. Most of the book tells about how Lázaro struggles to find his place in tuna society.

In 1620, another sequel, by Juan de Luna, appeared in Paris. In the prologue, the narrator (not Lázaro himself but someone who claims to have a copy of Lázaro's writings) tells the reader that he was moved to publish the second part of Lázaro's adventures after hearing about a book which, he alleges, had falsely told of Lázaro being transformed into a tuna (obviously a disparaging reference to Lazarillo de Amberes).

Adaptations[edit]

• 1617: a play Spaansche Brabander by Gerbrand Adriaenszoon Bredero.
• 1959: a film adaptationEl Lazarillo de Tormes, film director César Fernández Ardavín.
• 1987: a loose film adaptation The Rogues, film director Mario Monicelli.
• 2001: a film adaptation Lázaro de Tormes, film directors Fernando Fernán Gómez, José Luis García Sánchez.
• 2015: animation adaptation, El lazarillo de Tormes, film director Pedro Alonso Pablos.

Non-literary influence[edit]

Because of Lazarillo's first adventures, the Spanish word lazarillo has taken on the meaning 'guide', as to a blind person. Consequently, in Spanish a guide dog is still informally called a perro lazarillo, as it was called before perro guía became common.

References[edit]

1. ^'Aproximación socio-histórica al fenómeno afro-cultural en el cuento 'Barlovento', de Marvel Moreno: Estereotipos y discriminación (Parte I)', Dinah Orozco Herrera, La casa de Asterión, ISSN0124-9282, Volumen V – Número 20, Enero-Febrero–Marzo de 2005.
2. ^Miguel de Cervantes (1605). 'Chapter 22'. Don Quixote. Translated by John Ormsby (1885). Retrieved 2008-12-29.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
3. ^'El Lazarillo no es anónimo (Spanish)'. El Mundo. Retrieved 11 March 2010.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)

Further reading[edit]

• Anon, Lazarillo de Tormes, in: Two Spanish Picaresque Novels, Trans. Michael Alpert. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1969.
• Benito-Vessels, Carmen, and Michael Zappala, Eds. The Picaresque: A Symposium on the Rogue’s Tale. Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press / London & Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1994.
• Fiore, Robert L. Lazarillo de Tormes. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1984.
• Maravall, José Antonio. La Literatura Picaresca desde la Historia Social (Siglos XVI al XVII). Madrid: Taurus Ediciones, 1987.
• Parker, A. A. Literature and the Delinquent: the Picaresque Novel in Spain and Europe: 1599–1753. Edinburgh University Press, 1967.
• Sicroff, Albert A. 'Sobre el estilo del Lazarillo de Tormes', in Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, Vol 11, No. 2 (1957).

External links[edit]

• Audiobook in Spanish from LibriVox.
• Audiobook in English Translation from LibriVox.